From: | Chaim Saiman <Saiman@law.villanova.edu> |
To: | DAVID CHEIFETZ <davidcheifetz@rogers.com> |
CC: | obligations@uwo.ca |
Date: | 11/06/2009 04:27:53 UTC |
Subject: | RE: Judicial citation of academic writing |
Amazing quote, would have a hard time seeing an American judge
trace the various iterations of a treatise. You would just cite another
treatise that had the rule you thought better. This relates of course to the
much looser sense in which precedent is binding in US law--- a larger issue for
another time.
Getting back to the academic citation issue: Would Commonwealth judges
distinguish between a citation to 1. A Legal encyclopedia 2. A treatise such
as Goff and Jones, 3. A book such as Birks’ Unjust Enrichment 4, something
like Weinreb’s The Idea of Private Law and 5, Duncan Kennedy’s Form and
Substance in Private Law Adjudication?. These are all academic texts, but they
have different ratios of positive restatement of the law and theoretical arguments
for improving/reforming/reconceptualizing the law. I would think that they
should receive differentiated treatment by both courts and lawyers., and while there
are no formal rules about this in US law, an unwritten code of shared
understandings more or less prevails.
Finally, no discussion of this sort is complete without
reference to L. Tribe’s open letter entitled “The Treatise Power” where he
explains to Justice Breyer why he is ceasing to write he treatise on American
Constitutional law.
http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/Tribe-Treatise-Green%20Bag%202005%20low%20res.pdf
--cs
From: DAVID CHEIFETZ
[mailto:davidcheifetz@rogers.com]
Sent: Wednesday, June 10, 2009 5:58 PM
To: Chaim Saiman
Cc: obligations@uwo.ca
Subject: Re: Judicial citation of academic writing
Chaim,
Well
... as late as 1997, there was still at least one sitting appellate judge whose
view seemed to be that there was merit to the position that citing to any
living author, regardless of how well received, was "academic"
(pun intended). But, now? No, citing a leading text isn't
(generally) considered an "academic" reference in the
pejorative sense ... at least so long as the text can be said to do no more
than espouse the received meaning of the governing precedents. It's my
experience that judges are more inclined to complain about getting no
authorities at all. Or getting "drek", even if it's polished.
But
when the editorship changes and the substance of the text changes, perhaps
significantly, and some judges cite to the new edition and
others the older, then one can get this in, Haida Nation v BC 1997 CanLII
2009 BCCA,
24. For those of us whose role is to apply the law as laid down by the Supreme Court, the practical significance of all this is that the court has not, in any majority judgment, endorsed the views expressed in the third edition but, rather, has rejected them although without mentioning the work.
25. This rather confusing debate as to which academic pronouncement should be taken as stating the law may illustrate the wisdom of the rule, enforced with few exceptions in our courts until 20 or so years ago but now largely forgotten, that no reference is to be made to the works of living authors. By discouraging counsel from relying on textbooks and articles, the court may on occasion have deprived itself of an illuminating opinion or analysis. But the rule did bring home to all concerned that the law is to be found in the statute or in the cases ─ not in the opinions of authors or editors of textbooks or articles.
28. I would not wish my somewhat critical treatment of [author's] work to be understood as suggesting that it is not a valuable contribution to the literature. It is clearly a work of scholarship ─ one which can be of benefit to any of us who must struggle with the difficulties of statutory construction. As such, it is much more a work of opinion and is much more controversial than we have been accustomed to in this area. ... On the other hand, we could all benefit from reading the work in its entirety.
The judge writing the passage suggests that it was not until the 1970s that the "don't cite the living" rule was finally interred. I've heard (maybe apocryphal stories) of senior, older, judges asking about the health of the author of some work into the late 1970s.
David
From: Chaim Saiman
<Saiman@law.villanova.edu>
To: DAVID CHEIFETZ <davidcheifetz@rogers.com>
Cc: "obligations@uwo.ca" <obligations@uwo.ca>
Sent: Wednesday, June 10, 2009 4:07:52 PM
Subject: RE: Judicial citation of academic writing
David,
Yes, that is what I had in mind when I included legal encyclopedia's,
the thigns like CJS & ALR the West Digest, the lineal decendents of the old
common law abridgments. At least in the US, these are no longer (usually)
written by full time faculty at law schools, but either by practitioners who
are more academically inclined (similar to PLI's) or researchers working for
LExis/Westlaw, or ppl concpetualized as further down the law school food
chain. But in short, I don’t think most lawyers would view citing the
restatement as a n "academic " work. (BTW- I think its pretty rare
for lawyers/courts to cite to the reporters notes in the restatement. )
Here pretty much every field has a standard treatise or two that
lawyers and judges routinely cite to, but would not be conceptualized as
academic. But law reviews and books-- well that is a different question.
Do you think the vibe is different in Canada/CWealth? Is citing
to "Chitty on Contracts" or "Goff and Jones" on restitution
considered "academic."
From: DAVID CHEIFETZ
[mailto:davidcheifetz@rogers.com]
Sent: Wednesday, June 10, 2009 3:26 PM
To: Chaim Saiman
Cc: obligations@uwo.ca
Subject: Re: Judicial citation of academic writing
Chaim,
Thanks.
There's a level of
"doctrinal" - I like the "scare" quotes usage - writing you
didn't mention that's lower in the analytical food chain that the
Restatement and that's the digest. Canada has digests (the Cdn Encyclopedic
Digest, the Canadian Abridgment) and while the CED is more than just a digest -
the sections are essentially small text books its Ivory Snow level (if not
more) black letter law. Nothing really analogous to the commentary and analysis
portions of the Restatements.
For that we have the separate subject
matter texts. Canada didn't even (until recently) have a Canadian version of
Halsbury. That's coming out in dribs.
David
From: Chaim Saiman
<Saiman@law.villanova.edu>
To: DAVID CHEIFETZ <davidcheifetz@rogers.com>;
"obligations@uwo.ca" <obligations@uwo.ca>
Sent: Wednesday, June 10, 2009 1:49:07 PM
Subject: RE: Judicial citation of academic writing
David,
Here are my off the cuff
reactions.
At least from the US
perspective, it might be useful to distinguish between forms of academic
writing. Specifically between "doctrinal" writing (treatises
restatements, and various legal encyclopedia's, that are in the business
of organizing, collecting, and collating doctrine), and the more
theoretical scholarship that is in the business of justifying, reforming,
expanding /contracting established doctrine. I think most judges, lawyers
and scholars would recognize that these are somewhat different genres of
writing, such that citations to the restatement, while techincially an
"academic" work, is unlikely to lead to much interest or citation of
writing more typically concpetualized as "academic legal
scholarship". In other words citing Prossor on Torts or Wright and
Miller of Fed. Jur. is not really understood as citing "academic"
scholarship-- despite the fact that these works are/were written by academics
and inevitably promote some view or conception of the existing law.
I cant speak to Canadian tort
cases, but I would not surprise me to learn that there is quite a bit of
citation in US courts to the doctrinal materials, in large part because unlike
in the CWealth, there is less of an established canon of "leading
cases" that define each field. But I don’t think that this
leads to citation of the theoretical scholarship-- which is understood to be of
a different kind.
Finally, while I know far
less about torts specifically, at least in the restitution context, the
English HOL cases are far morelikely to cite theoretical academic scholarship
than US cases.
From: DAVID CHEIFETZ
[mailto:davidcheifetz@rogers.com]
Sent: Wednesday, June 10, 2009 9:54 AM
To: obligations@uwo.ca
Subject: Judicial citation of academic writing
Dear Colleagues - particularly our U.S.
colleagues
My impression is that, historically, US
judges are more inclined, across the breadth of tort law, than Canadian
judges, to refer to the scholarship of academic lawyers. It struck me that the
existence of treatises such as the Restatements, and what's involved in their
preparation, might be part of the reason for that greater inclination.
Views?
Best,
David Cheifetz